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Unit1 Cultural Relics

[重点词汇,短语]

1.survive活了下来,活了下来,活了下来。

2.查找in search of

3.选择

设计设计、图案、概念

5.fancy很特别,很奇怪,想象

6.德科拉特装饰,装饰

7.贝隆拓表示,

8.使用in return作为收入

9.at war正在交战

10.移动,移动

11.小于less than

12.多布怀疑

13.worth价值,价值。价值

14.分解take apart

15.爆炸

16.下沉,下沉

17.think highly of高度评价

[重点句型]

1.There IS no Doubt That。毫无疑问。

2.when的用法

Was/were doing.when.正在做某事。这时,

was/were about to do . when .我要做点什么。这时

Had just done.when.刚做完某事。这时,

3.中国is larger than any other country in the world。(相同范围内的比较)

she runs faster than any man in Greece(范围广泛的比较)

4.the way的用法

the way _ _ _ he explained to us was quite simple。(that/which/省略)

the way _ _ _ he explained the sentence to us was not difficult。(that/in which/跳过)

5.worth的用法

Be (well) worth doing sth(非常)值得做某事

be worthy to be done=be worthy of being done

it ' s worth while to do sth=it ' s worth while doingsth

6.“疑问词to do”的结构,在文章中给出主语、宾语、标语

How to do it is a question。

I don't know what to do next。

7.it格式主语

it has been proved that pride goes before a fall。

事实证明骄傲必输。

8.what引导主语节,在句子中作主语

what he has said is of great importance。

what happened to him remained unknown .

[语法概要]

不限定的定语是从句。

非限定定语从句的作用是进一步说明修饰的成分。(注:通常用主句和逗号分隔,不受主句句子结构的影响,去掉子句后,其他部分仍然可以成立。)

限制性定语是从句和非限制性定语从句的6分之差。

差异1:形式不同

限定性定语在主句和子句之间不使用逗号,在口语中使用时也不会停止。限定性定语从句和主句之间通常用逗号分开,口语中使用时有停顿。是你,是你。

差异2:不同的功能

限定性定语用于修饰、限制和识别先行词的含义,如果去掉,句子的意思可能不完整或概念模糊。限定性定语是用来补充先行词的,如果省略,句子的意思仍然是明确和完整的。例如:

people who take physical exercise live longer。做体育运动的人活得更久一些。(去掉句子就失去意义了)

His daughter、who is in Boston now和is coming home next week。他女儿现在在波士顿,下周回来。(如果句子的意思仍然完整)

差异3:不同的翻译

翻译定语从句时,一般限定性定语在他修饰的先行词之前翻译,非限定性定语与主从句分开。例如:

He is the man whose car was stolen。他是偷汽车的人。

I've invited Jim,who lives in the next flat。我邀请了吉姆,他住在隔壁。

差异4:不同的意思

请比较下面两句话。

I have a sister who is a doctor。我有医生的姐姐。“不止一个姐姐”

I have a sister、who is a doctor。我有一个成为医生的姐姐。(只有一个姐姐)

差异5:先行词不同

限定性定语从句的先行词可以是名词或代词,但限定性定语从句的先行词可以是名词或代词,也可以是短语或句子。另外,如果先行词是专有名词或独一无二的其他普通名词,一般来说,限制性定语应使用非限制性定语,而不是从句。例如:

Peter drove too fast,which was dangerous。彼得开得快是很危险的。(which表示drive too fast)

He cha

nged his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意,这使我很生气。(which指整个主句)

区别六:关系词不同

关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中,通常不用于非限制性定语从句;另外,在限制性定语从句中,关系词有时可以省略(参见本章有关内容),而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不省略。

Unit2 The Olympic Games

【重点词汇、短语】

1. compete 比赛,竞争
2. take part in 参加,参与
3. stand for 代表,象征,表示
4. admit 容许,接纳,承认
5. as well 也,又,还
6. host 做东,招待,主人
7. replace 代替
8. charge 收费,控诉
in charge 主管,看管
9. advertise I做广告,登广告
10. bargain 讨价还价,讲条件,便宜货
11. one after another 一个接一个地
12. deserve 应受(报答或惩罚)
13. deserve的用法
deserve to do sth 应该做/值得做
deserve doing = deserve to be done 值得… (doing 表被动意义)
Your suggestion deserves to be considered = deserves considering.
( 用法相似的动词:need/want/require doing= need/want/require to be done 需要….)
14. take part in : 参加有组织的、重大的活动
join in 参加正在进行的活动
join: 参加团体,党派和组织,成为其中的一员(join the army; join the party)
attend: 出席,参加,后跟 meeting,wedding,class, course等

【重点句型】

1. nor/neither + 助动词/be/情态动词 + 主语:表示“…也不这样”
I have never been abroad, and neither/nor has he.
If you don’t go to the party, nor will I.
2. So+情态动词/助动词/be动词+主语 :表示“…也是的一样的”, 强调后者同前者肯定情况一样。
3. So+主语+情态动词/助动词/be动词:表示 “的确如此”,对前面情况的肯定。
4. not only…but (also)… 不但…而且…
Women are not only allowed, but play a very important role in gymnastics.

(1) 引导并列结构:引导主语时,谓语动词 就近原则。
(2) 引导并列句时,not only句倒装,即前倒后不倒。
Not only did they take photos, but also they had a bid dinner.

【语法总结】
被动语态

一. 概念:主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。

二. 各种时态被动语态的形式

1. 一般现在时的被动语态 am/is/are + done
2. 一般过去时的被动语态 was/were + done
3. 一般将来时的被动语态 ⑴will be done is/am/are going to be done
4. 现在进行时的被动语态 is/am/are + being + done
表示说话人说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作,经常和时间副词now (现在), right now (现在, 此刻), at present (现在,目前), at this moment (此刻)连用。
5.现在完成时的被动 have/has been done
现在完成时常与already, always, often, ever, never, yet, not…yet, just等不表示明确的时间副词连用, 还可以和表示时间一直延续到目前的带(ever )since, for的状语及包括现在在内的词连用。

如: now, today, this month, this year, recently, these days,many times, so far, by now, in the past/last few days/years… 等。 6. 过去完成时的被动 had been done
7. 过去将来时的被动 would be done
8. 过去进行时的被动 was/were being done
9. 带情态动词的被动语态 情态动词 + be done
10. 动词不定式的被动式 to be done
e.g. It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here.

三. 注意事项

1. 并不是所有动词都有被动语态
happen, take place, break out, belong to, cost, last等不及物动词或词组无被动语态。
2. 短语动词、固定搭配变被动语态介词或副词不能省。
E.g. Time should be made full use of.
3. 双宾语:一个宾语成主语,另一主语保留不变。
E.g. Mother will buy me an iphone5. → I will be bought an iphone5 (by my mother) .
→ An iphone5 will be bought for me (by my mother) .

Unit3 Computers

【重点词汇、短语】

1. solve 解决;解答
2. from…on 从……时起
3. as a result 结果
4. so…that 如此…以至于
5. explore 探索,探测,研究
6. anyhow 无论如何,即使如此
7. goal 目标,球门,得分
8. human race 人类
9. signal 发信号,信号
10. type 类型,打字
11. in a way 在某种程度上
12. arise 出现,发生
13. with the help of 在……的帮助下
14. electronic 电子的
15. deal with 处理
16. watch over 看守,监视
17. rise/arise/arouse/raise的区别

【重点句型】

1. certain和sure的句型
sb. be sure/certain of…= sb. be sure/certain that从句:某人确信…
be sure/certain to do sth. 肯定会做…
It’s certain that从句 肯定会
例如: It’s certain that he will succeed.=He’s sure/certain to succeed.他肯定会成功的。
I’m sure/certain of his success.= I’m sure/certain that he will succeed. 我确信他会成功的。 2. 主语+ be + adj + to do The question is easy to answer.
3. 状语从句的省略
在when, while, if, unless, though, once等引导的状语从句中,如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致, 且从句中的谓语含有be动词时, 为了使句子简洁, 可省略从句中的主语和be动词。
While playing in the snow, the two pandas had great fun.
Unless invited, he has decided not to attend that activity.

【语法总结】现在完成时的被动语态(详见第二单元)

Unit4 Wildlife protection

【重点词汇、短语】

1. die out 灭亡、逐渐消失
2. hunt 打猎,猎取
3. in peace 和平地,安详地
4. in danger of 在危险中
5. in relief 如释重负,松了口气
6. burst into laughter 突然笑起来
7. protect…from 保护…不受…之害
8. contain 包含,容纳,容忍
9. affect影响,感动,侵袭
10. pay attention to 注意
11. appreciate 鉴赏,感激
12. succeed 成功,接替
13. employ 雇佣,利用
14. harm 危害
15. bite 咬,叮
16. come into being 形成,产生
17. inspect 检查,视察
18. according to 按照,根据
19. so that 以至于

【重点句型】

1. succeed in doing sth 成功的做某事
succeed to sth 继承某事
2. under construction/discussion 正在被建设/讨论
in use 正在被使用
3. do harm to sth = be harmful to sth 对…有害
there is no harm in doing sth 做某事无害
4. be used to do sth 被用来做…
used to sth 过去常常做…
be used to doing sth 习惯于做某事
5. It won’t be long before… 过不了多久…就会…
6. take measures to do sth 采取措施做某事
7. with的复合结构: with + n/pron + adj/adv/ 介词短语/现在分词/过去分词/不定式
With a lot of problems to settle, she can’t go out. (将来)
With time going by, he is getting along well with his English. (主动,进行)
With the work done, he can go out. (被动,完成)

【语法总结】现在进行时的被动语态(详见第二单元)

Unit5 Music

【重点词汇、短语】

1. roll 滚动,摇晃,卷,
2. dream of 梦见,梦想
3. to be honest 实话说
4. attach 系上,附加
attach …to 认为有……(重要性、意义)
5. form 组成,形成,构成
6. earn 赚,挣得
7. perform 表演,执行,履行
8. in cash 用现金,有现钱
9. play jokes on 戏弄
10. rely on 依赖,依靠
11. be/get familiar with 熟悉
12. or so 大约
13. break up 打碎,分裂
14. in addition 另外
15. sort out 分类
16. above all 最重要,首先

【重点句型】

1. dream of/about 梦想做…
2. to be honest= honestly speaking = to tell the truth 说实话
3. form the habit of… 形成…习惯
in the form of… 以…形式
4. I would appreciate it if… 如果…我将不胜感激.
go wrong 出故障 come up with 提出 make up 构成;编造 a5. as is often the case 情况通常如此
6. It looks as if it is going to rain.(真实语气:很有可能发生)
He treats me as if I were a stranger. (虚拟语气:与现在事实He talked about Rome as if he had been there before. (虚拟语气:与过去事实相反)

【语法总结】

prep+which/whom引导的定语从句

关系代词在定语从句中作介词后面的宾语时,有时可把介词提到关系代词的前面,但这时如果先行词是人,要用“介词+whom”引导定语从句;如果先行词是物,要用“介词+which”引导定语从句。且关系代词都不能省略。

Eg: 1. The girl whom I borrowed the bike from is my friend.
2. The girl from whom I borrowed the bike is my friend.
3. How is the film about which I often talked to you?
4. Is this the room in which Mr. Smith lives?

注意:一些固定的含有介词的短语动词在定语从句中不能拆开,即不能把介词放关系词前。
1. This is the bag which he is looking for .
2. The old lady whom she is looking after is her teacher.

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