wigig怎么读

6月1日，我国5G推进组在第一届全球5G大会上正式发布了《5G网络架构设计》白皮书，体现了我国5G网络技术研究的最新成果，也意味着我国已经从5G概念的研究进入实质推进阶段——5G真的要来了！

5G是什么意思？在3G、4G和5G等名词中，G是英文单词“generation”（第n代）的缩写。因此，5G就是第五代移动通信技术。

与当前的4G相比，作为下一代通信技术标准的5G速率更快、延时更短、支持接入网络更多、密度更大、可靠性更高，能为关键任务型的服务提供保障能力。因而，5G与物联网必将走到一起。

近日，小编炮认真阅读了Goldman Sachs（高盛）关于5G的报告《5G: How 100x faster wireless can shape the future》,并对其中“Where the landscape could shift”一章的部分内容进行了翻译和点评，在此与大家共同探讨。

• From Europe (3G) to US (4G) to Asia (5G)

• 亚洲将引领5G时代

We believe that Asia may lead the transition to 5G, similar to what Europe and US did with3G and 4G, respectively. We view countries such as China, South Korea and Japan as mostlikely markets to carry out 5G trials and large scale deployments for telecom operators as well as communications equipment vendors. China Mobile, being the world’s largestwireless carrier by number of subscribers and following the success of its home-grown TD-LTE technology, is actively collaborating with industry participants. Telecom operators in South Korea and Japan have set the earliest targets for their mobile 5G commercial applications – the 2018 Winter Olympics and 2020 Summer Olympics, respectively. Webelieve their compact geography and leadership in 4G also make them suitable markets fora fast upgrade to 5G.

小编炮读书笔记：中国在4G时代建立的标准和产业链优势将延续到5G时代。韩国和日本分别主办的2018年冬奥会、2020年夏季奥运会将促进这两个国家的5G部署，而我们的上海世博会当年好像刺激了我们的4G部署。

China:In terms of technology advancement, we believe China is becoming more importanton a global scale. From its home grown 3G technology TD-SCDMA which is only adoptedby China Mobile, to its next generation 4G technology TD-LTE which has been adopted by 71 telecom operators globally as of January 2016 including Bharti Airtel, SoftBank,Vodafone etc., China has also been active in the development of 5G technology. China Mobile plans to start 5G commercial trials in 2018 and plans a commercial launch in 2020.

This would put it on par with Verizon, in contrast to 4G where it was more than 2 yearsbehind. CM has established a 5G Joint Innovation Lab (JIL) with 11 partners, including Ericsson, Huawei, Nokia, Qualcomm, ZTE, Datang, Intel, Keysight Technologies, Haier,Hisense, and Beijing Shougang Automation Information Technology. The JIL will build acentral lab in Beijing, and regional labs in the China Mobile International Information Port,Qingdao, Chongqing and other places. China’s CommTech industry has come a long wayover the past three to four decades, from completely depending on foreign vendors andtechnologies to now having some of the biggest telecom operators and CommTech equipment vendors in the world. In October 2015, Huawei and NTT DoCoMo demonstrated mobile internet speeds of 3.6Gbps on a sub-6GHz frequency band outdoors across the cityof Chengdu in Sichuan Province, China. At the MWC in Barcelona in February 2016, ZTE and China Mobile jointly unveiled a 5G high-frequency prototype which operates on a15GHz carrier with a bandwidth of 500 megabits and boasts a hardware structure of alarge-capacity baseband unit and an intelligent remote radio unit.

小编炮读书笔记：中国移动计划2018年试商用5G,2020年正式商用5G，该进程和Verizon基本一致。4G阶段，中国移动落后Verizon两年以上，5G阶段，中国移动和美国运营商基本同步。

South Korea: Korea telecom operators plan to launch 5G in 2020 if 5G standards areconfirmed by then. Before the commercial launch, Korea may also showcase thecommercial application of 5G during the 2018 Winter Olympic in Korea. South Korea's Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning announced in 2014 that it was committing$1.5 billion to its "5G Creative Mobile Strategy." As arguably the most wired country in theworld, when it comes to network upgrades, Korea's compact geography and existingwireless infrastructure mean that upgrades can happen faster and cheaper, and will reachmore of the population than in geographically spread-out countries like the United S 18, 2016 Global: Samsung Electronics started developing 5G technology in 2011 and succeeded indemonstrating 1.2 Gbps data transmission using ultrahigh frequency for the first time inthe world in 2013. In October 2014, Samsung set the first record by achieving a wirelessspeed of 7.5Gbps in tests at its DMC R&D Centre over a 4.35km outdoor race track andusing a 28GHz network. During the Mobile World Congress (MWC) in February 2016,Samsung unveiled the world's first handover technology connecting 5G base stations. At arecent 3GPP meeting in Busan (April 2016), Samsung said it will lead the global standardization of 5G network technologies for the 3GPP RAN1. As a member of the 3GPP,Samsung will announce its plans for integrating diverse IoT services to the 5G network andsecuring compatibility with future 5G technologies that will be further improved by June2017. Based on this research, the company said it will complete the first standardization phase of the 5G network in June 2018.

小编炮读书笔记：2020年，如果5G标准届时能够确定，韩国电信运营商将部署5G网络，至少，2018年冬奥会上，韩国将展示5G的商用场景。三星2011年开始发展5G技术，据三星自己的说法，他在5G的不同发展阶段都取得了领先业界的进展。嗯，还好，三星没说5G是他们发明的。

Japan:Japan’s largest wireless carrier, NTT DoCoMo, plans to launch 5G in time for the2020 Olympics. The company plans to deliver the technology through a variety of “massive MIMO” and 128 polarization elements within the antenna arrays, along with narrow-beam transmission to each user. In October 2015, NTT DoCoMo conducted its first real-worldtests of its upcoming 5G network technology, a 5G data transmission test at a commercial complex in Tokyo, in partnership with Nokia. The test produced 5G speeds in excess of2Gbps. The trial used millimeter-wave signals at 70GHz. In February 2016, researchers from Hiroshima University, Panasonic and Japan's National Institute of Information and Communications Technology have developed a radio transmitter operating in the sub-millimeter terahertz frequency range that is able to carry high speed (100Gbps) dataconnections over multiple channels.

小编炮读书笔记：日本运营商NTT DoCoMo准备2020年夏季奥运会部署5G。2015年10月，NTT DoCoMo在真实的复杂商业环境中在70GHz的毫米波传输信号上实现了超过2Gbps的传输速度。日本运营商好像还是很低调务实的。

• 5G as competition for wireline broadband

• 5G将挑战有线宽带的市场地位

Fixed wireless broadband access will likely be the first application of 5G, with Verizon planning to deploy it commercially as early as 2017. There are three reasons that we believe 5G may find commercial traction as a fixed wireless broadband service:

小编炮读书笔记：固定无线宽带（Fixed wireless broadband）有可能成为5G的第一个应用。Verizon计划2017年就部署采用5G技术的固定无线宽带服务。以下三个原因支撑业界相信已经找到了提供固定无线宽带服务的商业化路径。

1. Improved antenna innovations in antenna technology enablewireless operators to provide 5G services using very high frequency millimeter wavespectrum, which has typically been difficult to use for point-to-multipoint innovations, which we discussed earlier, included MIMO, beamforming andbeam tracking.

Together, these advancements enable 5G antennas to deliver high capacity and highquality signals to fixed customer locations through very high frequency spectrum. Thisis significant because spectrum licenses for very high frequency spectrum typically come in very wide channels ., 100-1000 MHz vs. 5-20 MHz for cellular), which means they can technically enable very high-speed transmissions if their propagation challenges can be overcome.

The same technologies can eventually be used for mobile 5G, but in order to do this over millimeter wave spectrum there will need to be material advances in mobile devices, which are not currently powerful enough to use these capabilities.

小编炮读书笔记：天线技术的进步。天线技术的进步帮助运营商现在可以采用频率非常高的毫米波频段提供5G服务。而这些频段之前是很难用于单点对多点的广播服务的。这些天线技术包括MIMO、波束成形、波束跟踪等技术。这些技术也可被用于移动的5G服务，但移动端的服务还需要移动终端设备也要有相应的技术进步，移动终端领域的技术进步要比设备端和固定端更困难。想想也是，任何技术进步在手机上部署都面临小型化以及由于小型化后带来诸如干扰等问题，另外成本也更敏感。

2. Fiber densification to support LTE small cells.5G can be easily deployed as an overlay to the small cell grids that the major wireless carriers are deploying to support their mobile 4G networks. In other words, as operators deploy fiber in dense metro areas to support LTE small cells, they can also attach fixed 5G antennas to these fiberfed LTE nodes. This will provide the dual benefit of getting these 5G antennas close to potential residential customers while providing the high capacity backhaul necessary for a fixed broadband service.

小编炮读书笔记：光纤的高密度部署为提供5G固定宽带服务提供了有利的基础条件。意思是光纤已经到楼、到户，5G来帮忙解决最后100米的宽带部署吗？

3. Availability of millimeter wave FCC is looking to make 11 GHz of millimeter spectrum available for use in 5G applications in the US. As noted above, the wide channels available at these frequencies enable much higher throughput than we have seen in mobile technologies, which have typically been the basis for past attempts at providing fixed wireless services. With access to much wider channels for fixed services, 5G networks should be able to deliver speeds that are competitive with fiber- and coax-based broadband networks.

小编炮读书笔记：第三个条件是可用的毫米波频段。FCC期待在美国能将11GHz毫米波频段用于提供5G服务。和以往的移动通讯技术比，采用这些频段，能够提供更高的数据吞吐能力，因此更适合固定宽带应用。因此，5G固定宽带会对现有的光纤和同轴电缆接入的宽带网络带来挑战。

Initially, the addressable market for fixed 5G services may be limi is a result of fragmented spectrum holdings in millimeter wave frequencies, a need for more fiber density (because the technology works best if the network antennas are within short range of customer locations) and limited availability of commercial equipment. Indeed, because full 5G standards will not be established until 2019-2020, initial fixed wireless applications will be based on pre-standard 5G network gear and devices.

小编炮读书笔记：最可怕的然而君来了。然而5G固定宽带接入的目标市场是有限的；毫米波频段是支离破碎的，需要更高密度的光纤部署；设备的利用率可能也不够高。还有，5G标准也还没完全确定。

5G is not the only emerging technology that can be used for high-speed fixed wireless broadband.For example, Starry, a private company, is also looking to deploy gigabit speed wireless broadband over millimeter wave spectrum using advanced 802.11ac technology . Wi-Fi). The key advantage of Starry’s model is that the cost of 802.11-based network gear is much lower than cellular gear owing to the large market for consumer Wi-Fi routers. Facebook is building a similar fixed wireless system called Terragraph, which also utilized millimeter wave spectrum, but is based on the open WiGig standard. So, the market for fixed wireless broadband could become crowded quickly.

小编炮读书笔记：5G也不是唯一的能够用于高速固定无线宽带应用的新兴技术，还有一大拨新技术滚滚而来。

• From macro cells to small cells; coexisting with WiFi

• 从宏蜂窝到微蜂窝，而且会和WiFi共存

5G network architecture would likely be characterized by the deployment of small cells, as opposed to the macro cell based architecture in place in today’s networks. While 5G architecture is still fluid, as standardization efforts are underway, it is quite likely that small cells would be critical. A part of the reason for this is necessity (such as for densification), and part of it is due to technological requirements (propagation constraints of high frequency spectrum). Even in fully deployed 4G networks, such as those in the US (AT&T, Verizon, T-Mobile), operators have shifted focus towards deploying small cells for densification of the networks.

A key difference between 5G networks and 4G networks would be the use of higher frequency spectrum (including millimeter wave). In contrast to the crowded low frequency bands, operators would be able to benefit from larger chunks of spectrum in high frequency bands.However, millimeter wave frequencies have poorer propagation characteristics – the higher the frequency of radio waves, the lower the transmission range. This would imply that operators would need to split macro cells into much smaller cells, enabled by the use of small cell equi expect this shift to move a larger portion of the revenue pool from RAN/basestation equipment to small cells.

5G small cells can emerge as a competitive technology to WiFi, given they will have comparable speeds and compete for similar physical space. WiFi offers consumers uncapped internet connectivity (for the most part), in contrast to consumption based cellular services. We would not expect 5G networks to impact the $4.5bn Enterprise WiFi market, as enterprises like to have control over their networks, and as WiFi is the cheaper solution given it leverages their existing wired networks. However,the $300mn Service Provider WiFi market could be partially cannibalized by 5G small cells, in particular the mobile operator portion (as opposed to the cable portion).

One key debate pertaining to WiFi is if 5G networks (more specifically the aggregation of licensed and unlicensed spectrum) will impact the performance of WiFi networks. For example, LTE-U (LTE unlicensed) and LAA (License Assisted Access) would enable LTE connections in the unlicensed 5GHz spectrum band, which is currently used for WiFi networks. Industry participants such as Qualcomm and Ruckus believe that the rules behind LTE-U and LAA can allow them co-exist with WiFi because of “listen-before-talk” protocols that manage interference.

小编炮读书笔记：因为5G使用的毫米波频段频率高，高频率在增加数据带宽的同时牺牲了传输距离，因此5G的基站将会从3G、4G的宏基站变成微基站。5G所能提供的服务和WiFi有相似之处，比如都提供高速率的数据连结，但5G和WiFi会共存，因为WiFi的部署相对便宜。但在运营商，尤其是移动运营商部署的WiFi服务领域，5G会替代一部分WiFi的市场，而且也有专门的协议解决5G和WiFi共用某些频段的干扰问题。

To combat any threat presented by 5G networks, WiFi vendors are pursuing technology advances for WiFi. One example is the WiFi Alliance’s HotSpot 2.0, which enhances the onboarding, security, roaming, and handoff features of WiFi connections, in an effort to create an experience more akin to a cellular service. WiFi standards are also evolving for higher capacity connections (Wave 2 802.11ac) and offer a roadmap towards a broader range of IoT applications (like .11ah for high frequency, high capacity, short range connections and .11ad in low frequency, low capacity, long range connections).

小编炮读书笔记：是5G还是WiFi，还取决于运营商是否拥有授权的频谱资源。运营商倾向于非授权的频谱上推广WiFi。另外，WiFi也在不断进步，比如.11ah就适合大容量短距离的IOT应用，而.11ad适合低频率、长距离、低容量的应用。

• More fiber links from the cell sites to the data centers

• 更多的光纤连接从小区到数据中心

Whether it’s high speed cellular connections, fixed line wireless, or disparate IoT endpoints,5G networks will drive more traffic (and likely complexity) on wired and backhaul networks. This will require high capacity and large fiber connections. Therefore, in general, we see 5G connections driving continued investments in fiber network upgrades, particularly around next generation technologies like 100G, 200G, 400G, 1Tb optics. This should prove positive for both optical system vendors (like Ciena, Cisco, and Infinera) as well as optical component suppliers (Lumentum, Finisar). Ciena estimates 5G networks could ultimately drive up to 1000X increase in bandwidth per unit area, based on 100X more connected devices and up to 10Gbps connection rates to mobile devices.

In addition to elevating the capacity of core networks, mobile traffic has a direct impact on backhaul and fronthaul solutions. These are essentially the connections between the radio tower or cell site and the fixed wireline network.

小编炮读书笔记：5G对主干网会提出更高的要求，因此主干的光纤网络也会升级到100G、 200G、400G、1Tb光网络。感觉这是思科、华为，还有那些光纤网络芯片商的菜吧。

• From specialized telecom equipment to servers + software

• 从专门的电信设备到服务器+软件

As detailed in page 17 above, in the radio access portion of 5G networks, service providers would be able to separate the radio and the baseband, with only the radio deployed in physical basestations. The baseband (for signal processing) can be deployed in a data center location (cloud RAN or C-RAN) that aggregates traffic from several basestations. In addition, the C-RAN will host other non-real time functions (subscriber management etc.) that can be virtualized and deployed on servers. This means that with 5G we will see a shift in content away from basestations and other specialized equipment and toward standard servers with NFV.

NFV (network function virtualization) refers to the delivery of networking functions via virtualized software instances on commodity hardware, as opposed to the traditional delivery via specialized telecom equipment . mobile packet core, session border controllers,application delivery controllers). A lot of the NFV transformation would already be in place ahead of 5G commercialization. For instance, AT&T has set formal targets around virtualization: it intends to virtualize 75% of its network using cloud infrastructure by 2020. Before it began its virtualization journey, AT&T deployed 300 distinct types of telecom equipment in its ne the early use cases for virtualization, AT&T targeted GPON optical line terminal (OLT) equipment, and customer premise equipment (CPE). Other service providers who are activelytrialing NFV technologies include Verizon, SK Telecom (Korea), NTT, and Telstra.

The ability of equipment vendors to transition from specialized equipment to NFV will be critical in their ability to maintain relevance in 5G.

On the flip side, weexpect demand for servers to increase structurally with 5G as they handle tasks previously addressed with specialized telecom equipment, and as 5G/IoT services proliferate. This will be positive for server vendors, such as Cisco and HP Enterprise,which haven’t historically had much presence in mobile networks. However, these vendors might not benefit if carriers were to adopt white box servers instead, similar to what the major cloud providers have done. In either case, Intel would be a primary beneficiary, given its leadership position in the server processor space, where it has 95%+ market also see 5G and the shift to a more software centric network as an important insertion point for chips based on ARM architecture, both for servers and for networking, given its flexible architecture, clear investment roadmap and low power approach.

小编炮读书笔记：这一段其实主要讲了5G时代，基带部分比如数据传输将和数据中心分离，其中核心的概念是NFV，即网络功能虚拟化，Network Function Virtualization。通过使用x86等通用性硬件以及虚拟化技术，来承载很多功能的软件处理，从而降低网络昂贵的设备成本。可以通过软硬件解耦及功能抽象，使网络设备功能不再依赖于专用硬件，资源可以充分灵活共享，实现新业务的快速开发和部署，并基于实际业务需求进行自动部署、弹性伸缩、故障隔离和自愈等。这样看来Intel的服务器生意要更好了。

• Network slicing: Now you can have your own network, too

• 5G时代，你可拥有自己的专署网络

A number of industry participants, ranging from Cisco to Ericsson to Qualcomm, are architecting solutions to enable “network slicing” as a key capability of 5G networks. A network slice is a virtualized network that can be defined according to a set of requirements, for example by geography, latency, reliability, duration, security, capacity, and/or speed. For example, a carrier such as Verizon that runs a nationwide network can sell various slices of that network to various users, parameterized to fit their requirements: e.g. a utility (for managing smart meters and fault sensors), a healthcare company (for medical device monitoring) and a police department (for mission critical first responder situations).

The enabling technologies for network slicing are cloud and NFV (discussed above). Legacy wireless networks were designed in a more inflexible, vertically integrated way – which made sense given that they largely served one use case (cellphone users) with a relatively predictable growth curve and usage pattern. For next-gen 5G networks, key networking functions will be delivered as virtualized software running in the data center or C-RAN, and thus can be configured in various logical network slices that all share the same underlying physical infrastructure.

小编炮读书笔记：由于有NFV，将数据处理和信号传输等分离，虚拟化的网络将帮助实现网络的个性化。比如专门针对医疗的网络，针对智能仪表的网络、针对警察部门的网络等。这些虚拟的专用网络会对特定应用在网络容量、安全性、时延等方面做不同的配置，这对五花八门的IoT应用是福音啊。

• 小编炮总结：

经过今年CES包括巴塞罗那展的推广，5G网络的高容量、低时延、高带宽特性已经被业界甚至普通大众熟知，大家也认可它是最适合未来IoT领域应用的网络。

小编炮这次花了大半天时间读了这份技术范十足的报告，大概明白了5G是如何实现这些功能和性能的改变和提升的。然后分享给大家，希望帮助大家更好的理解5G的发展脉络和这个IOT时代最重要的基础网络的变化和特性，以更好的规划未来的产品。

英文更好的朋友，如果需要报告全文，可以留言和小编炮联系，毕竟小编炮的英文水平看这样的技术报告太勉强啦。

文章来自：华强智造Hi空间（微信公众号：HQ-Innovator）

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